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A reference guide to migraine subtypes, related conditions, and trigger terminology. Terms linked below connect to a full, in-depth article.
Migraine Without Aura — The most common form of migraine, without a preceding aura phase.
Migraine With Aura — Migraine preceded or accompanied by reversible neurological symptoms such as visual disturbances.
Chronic Migraine — Headache on 15+ days per month for 3+ months, with at least 8 meeting migraine criteria.
Episodic Migraine — Migraine occurring on fewer than 15 days per month, the more common pattern outside chronic migraine.
Vestibular Migraine — Migraine involving vertigo and dizziness as a primary symptom.
Hemiplegic Migraine — A rare migraine with aura involving temporary one-sided motor weakness that can mimic stroke.
Menstrual Migraine — Migraine tied to the drop in estrogen before menstruation.
Abdominal Migraine — A migraine variant causing recurrent abdominal pain, most common in children.
Status Migrainosus — A debilitating migraine attack lasting longer than 72 hours.
Silent Migraine — Migraine aura occurring without a subsequent headache.
Ocular Migraine — A popular but informal term usually referring to visual aura, sometimes to retinal migraine.
Retinal Migraine — A rare condition causing vision loss confined to one eye.
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome — Recurrent severe vomiting episodes classified within the migraine spectrum, most common in children.
Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo of Childhood — Brief episodes of vertigo in young children, an early childhood migraine syndrome.
Migrainous Infarction — A rare complication where prolonged aura corresponds to an actual stroke on imaging.
Migraine With Brainstem Aura — A rare migraine type formerly called basilar migraine.
High-Frequency Episodic Migraine — Episodic migraine occurring on 10-14 days per month.
Low-Frequency Episodic Migraine — Episodic migraine occurring on fewer than 10 days per month.
Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis — A rare infant condition involving episodes of head tilting, considered a childhood migraine precursor.
Persistent Aura Without Infarction — Aura symptoms lasting beyond one week without evidence of stroke on imaging.
Migralepsy — A rare, debated entity in which a seizure occurs during or shortly after a migraine aura.
Probable Migraine — Attacks that meet all but one diagnostic criterion for migraine.
Ophthalmoplegic Migraine — An older term for a condition now reclassified as Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy.
Transformed Migraine — An older term for what is now classified as chronic migraine.
HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) — The body's primary stress-response system, involving communication between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands. Chronic activation of this system — from stress, anxiety, or other triggers — increases cortisol output and is linked to lowering the threshold for migraine attacks.
Hormonal Migraine — Migraine linked to fluctuations in estrogen.
Pregnancy Migraine — Migraine occurring during pregnancy.
Postpartum Migraine — Migraine triggered by the estrogen drop after delivery.
Weather Migraine — Migraine triggered by weather changes generally.
Barometric Pressure Migraine — Migraine triggered specifically by changes in atmospheric pressure.
Stress Migraine — Migraine triggered or worsened by stress.
Exercise-Induced / Exertional Migraine — Migraine triggered by physical exertion.
Weekend Migraine — Migraine occurring on weekends, often tied to caffeine withdrawal or sleep pattern shifts.
Fasting Migraine — Migraine triggered by skipping meals or prolonged fasting.
Dehydration Migraine — Migraine triggered by inadequate fluid intake.
Hangover Migraine — Migraine triggered by alcohol, distinct from a typical hangover.
Allergy Migraine — Migraine linked to seasonal allergies and histamine response.
Altitude Migraine — Migraine triggered by high elevation.
Heat-Induced Migraine — Migraine triggered by high temperatures.
Cold-Triggered Migraine — Migraine triggered by cold exposure or temperature drops.
Light-Triggered Migraine — Migraine triggered by bright or flickering light.
Odor-Triggered Migraine — Migraine triggered by strong smells, also called osmophobia.
Food-Triggered Migraine — Migraine triggered by specific foods or food compounds.